What is a thyroid disorder?
The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck that produces hormones to regulate metabolism. Thyroid disorders occur when the thyroid produces too little or too many hormones, causing a disruption in normal body functions.
Some key facts about thyroid disorders:
- They are more common in women, people over 60, and those with a family history
- The most common disorder is hypothyroidism, where the thyroid underproduces hormones
- Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, hair loss, sensitivity to cold, etc.
- Hyperthyroidism is when the thyroid is overactive and produces excess hormones
- Symptoms include unexplained weight loss, rapid heartbeat, tremors, etc.
- Thyroid disorders are typically treated with medications that aim to restore hormone levels, and sometimes surgery or radioactive iodine
- Undiagnosed/untreated thyroid disorders can negatively impact fertility, pregnancy, heart health, bone density, and more
What causes thyroid disorders?
There are various potential causes, including:
- Hashimoto's disease: an autoimmune disorder causing chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland that typically leads to hypothyroidism
- Graves' disease: an autoimmune disorder often resulting in hyperthyroidism
- Thyroid nodules or thyroid cancer
- Congenital conditions present from birth
- Pregnancy
- Pituitary gland malfunctions
- Nutrient deficiencies (iodine, selenium)
- Excess iodine intake
- Exposure to high levels of radiation
- Some medications
In many cases, the exact cause remains unknown. Risk factors like genetics, gender, age, and lifestyle factors can influence susceptibility.
How are thyroid disorders diagnosed and treated?
Diagnosis typically begins with a review of symptoms and medical history, followed by a physical exam of the thyroid gland for abnormalities. Key tests include:
- Blood tests: to check levels of thyroid hormones (T3, T4) as well as TSH to determine if the pituitary gland is properly regulating the thyroid
- Antibody tests: to check for autoimmune-related thyroid disorders
- Ultrasound / RAIU scan: to examine the size and structure of the thyroid gland
- Biopsy: removing a small tissue sample for examination under a microscope
Treatment depends on the specific disorder, its severity, and root cause. Options can include:
- Synthetic thyroid hormones taken daily to restore optimal hormone levels
- Beta blockers to control a rapid heart rate associated with hyperthyroidism
- Radioactive iodine to damage overactive thyroid tissue
- Surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland
- Addressing nutrient deficiencies through supplements
With an accurate diagnosis and compliance with the treatment plan, most thyroid disorders can be effectively managed. Regular reassessments of hormone levels are key for maintaining balance.
Let me know if you need any clarification or have additional questions on thyroid health!